ETHICAL IMPLICATIONS (Issues and Debates Model Answers) (Paper 3 Model Answers)

Explain what psychologists mean by socially sensitive research. ( 2 marks) 

Model Answer

In certain areas of study and when focusing on specific groups, research findings can have significant implications for society and certain groups within it. These implications can range from influencing societal attitudes and perceptions to justifying or advocating for changes in the way these groups are treated. The research outcomes may hold the power to shape policies, interventions, and societal responses towards these groups, potentially leading to positive transformations or perpetuating existing biases and disparities.

 

Discuss one or more ethical implications of research in psychology. Refer to at least one topic you have studied in psychology in your answer.

(Total 8 marks)

Model Answer

 

 

One ethical implication of research in psychology, specifically in the context of Bowlby's research on child-rearing and the effects on working mothers, is the potential for stigmatisation or judgment towards certain parenting choices. Bowlby's attachment theory suggested that a secure and consistent attachment between infants and their primary caregiver, typically the mother, is crucial for healthy psychological development. This theory had implications for mothers who chose or needed to work outside the home.

The research findings and interpretations from Bowlby's work, while influential, could inadvertently contribute to societal pressure and guilt experienced by working mothers. The emphasis on the importance of maternal care and the potential negative effects of separation from the primary caregiver could lead to judgments or stigmatisation of working mothers who may have to leave their infants in childcare settings.

This ethical concern arises from the potential for research findings to influence societal norms, attitudes, and expectations around parenting choices. It is important for researchers to approach such topics with sensitivity, considering the potential impact their work may have on individuals and groups. Ethical guidelines in psychology emphasise the need to promote well-being and minimise harm to participants and society as a whole.

To address this ethical implication, researchers should provide a balanced presentation of findings, taking into account the diverse factors and circumstances that influence child development and the choices made by parents. It is essential to avoid oversimplification or overgeneralisation of research findings to ensure that working mothers are not stigmatised or unfairly judged based on their decision to pursue a career or balance work and family responsibilities.

Furthermore, researchers should actively contribute to the dissemination of accurate information and engage in public discourse that promotes understanding and support for various parenting choices. This can help counteract any negative consequences that may arise from misinterpretations or misuses of research findings.

 

Read the item and then answer the questions that follow.

In a study of antisocial activity and social background, researchers interviewed 100 children aged 14 years. They then classified each child according to their level of antisocial activity. They concluded that 26 were ‘very antisocial’, 40 were ‘mildly antisocial’ and 34 were ‘not antisocial’. The researchers found that the majority of the ‘very antisocial’ children attended Crayford secondary school, whereas most of the other two groups of children attended another local school.

(a)     The study on the opposite page is an example of socially sensitive research.

Briefly explain how the researchers could have dealt with the issue of social sensitivity in this study. ( 4 marks) 

Model Answer

To address the issue of social sensitivity in this study, the researchers could have employed measures to ensure confidentiality and anonymity of the participants' responses and personal information. By protecting the privacy of the children and their social backgrounds, the researchers can minimise potential harm and prevent the stigmatisation or negative labelling of individuals or schools based on their classification of antisocial activity.

One way to enhance confidentiality is to assign unique identifiers or codes to each participant instead of using their real names. This helps dissociate the data from individual identities, reducing the risk of unintentional disclosure or potential negative consequences for the participants. Additionally, the researchers should ensure that all data collected and stored are securely managed, with limited access to protect the confidentiality of participants' information.

Furthermore, when reporting the results, the researchers should present aggregated data in a manner that does not allow identification of individual participants or specific schools. Instead of explicitly mentioning the names of the schools attended by the children, the researchers can use general descriptors such as "secondary school 1" and "another local school." This approach helps protect the anonymity of the schools involved, preventing potential negative implications for reputations or perceptions.

 

There are many examples of socially sensitive research in psychology.

Outline what social sensitivity means in the context of psychology. Explain how researchers in psychology could deal with issues related to social sensitivity. ( 8 marks) 

Model Answer

In the context of psychology, social sensitivity refers to the potential for research topics, methods, or findings to have significant social implications or consequences for individuals or groups involved. Social sensitivity acknowledges that certain topics or research approaches may touch on sensitive aspects of people's lives, identities, or social contexts, and that the research process and dissemination of findings should be conducted ethically and responsibly to minimise harm and promote understanding.

To deal with issues related to social sensitivity, researchers in psychology  should adhere to ethical guidelines and regulations established by professional bodies and research institutions. This includes obtaining informed consent from participants, ensuring confidentiality and privacy, minimising harm or distress, and conducting research that respects the rights and well-being of individuals or groups involved.

Researchers should strive for diverse and representative samples to avoid generalising findings or perpetuating stereotypes. Inclusivity in participant recruitment helps ensure that the study's results are applicable and relevant to a wide range of individuals or groups.

Researchers should also receive appropriate training on social sensitivity issues to develop awareness and cultural competence. This training can help researchers navigate potential biases, stereotypes, or power dynamics that may arise during the research process. Sensitivity training also encourages respectful interactions with participants and promotes understanding of diverse perspectives.

By Involving stakeholders such as community members, advocacy groups, or representatives of marginalised populations in the research process can enhance the sensitivity and relevance of the study. Collaboration fosters mutual respect, shared decision-making, and the inclusion of diverse viewpoints, leading to research that better represents the experiences and concerns of the studied population.

Finally, researchers should carefully consider how to communicate their findings to avoid misinterpretation or potential harm. The dissemination process should prioritise clear and accurate reporting of results, avoiding sensationalism or undue generalisations. Engaging in open dialogue with the public, policymakers, and relevant stakeholders can facilitate a nuanced understanding of the research's implications and encourage responsible use of findings.

 

TAKE A LOOK AT THE REST OF THE ISSUES AND DEBATES MODEL ANSWERS FOR PAPER 3 HERE. 

Studying the Relationships unit? Check out these model answers here.

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